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The production of foie gras (the liver of a duck or a goose that has been specially fattened) involves the controversial force-feeding of birds with more food than they would eat in the wild, and more than they would voluntarily eat domestically. The feed, usually corn boiled with fat (to facilitate ingestion), deposits large amounts of fat in the liver, thereby producing the fatty consistency sought by some gastronomes. ==Animal rights and welfare groups== Animal rights and welfare activist groups such as the Humane Society of the United States〔(Foie Gras )〕 and the Animal Legal Defense Fund〔(Speak Out Against Foie Gras )〕 contend that foie gras production methods, and force feeding in particular, consist of cruel and inhumane treatment of animals. Specific complaints include livers swollen to many times their normal size, impaired liver function, expansion of the abdomen making it difficult for birds to walk, death if the force feeding is continued, and scarring of the esophagus. In modern gavage-based foie gras production, force feeding takes place 12–18 days before slaughter. In 2001, the Director of the New York State Government Affairs & Public Policy Dept. for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which is one of America's leading environmental activist groups, wrote a letter to then NYS Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer, asking that the state's foie gras producers be prosecuted for violating animal cruelty statutes.〔http://www.banfoiegras.com/aspca.pdf〕 Late in 2003, the French group Stopgavage ("Citizens' Initiative for the banning of force-feeding") published the Proclamation for the Abolition of Force Feeding, which asks justices to find foie gras production practices a violation of existing animal welfare laws.〔(Stopgavage manifesto page ); (foie gras page ) on the site of (''Le Quid'' ).〕 For this manifesto Stopgavage claims the support of over eighty French animal rights and welfare associations, over a hundred such associations from 25 other countries, and over 20 thousand individual signatories.〔(List of signatories ).〕 Stopgavage, through its president Antoine Comiti, has criticized the INRA (a French public research institute) for allowing its researchers to receive grants from the foie gras industry for conducting research aimed at contradicting the EU report conclusions.〔Antoine Comiti, ''L'INRA au secours du foie gras – Enquête sur une expertise publique sous contrôle de l'industrie'', éd. Sentience, 2006.〕 Robert Dantzer, a retired INRA researcher, calls the INRA studies "pseudoscience" and "convenience research".〔("L'INRA accusé de connivence avec la filière du foie gras" ), ''Le Monde'' 29 Dec. 2006: "''‘Il s'agit de pseudo-science et de recherches d'opportunité, conduites par des chercheurs élevés dans le moule de la production animale’, tranche Robert Dantzer, tout juste retraité de l'INRA, où il était précisément spécialiste de ces hormones de stress.''".〕 In 2005, the organisations APRL, IDA and PETA released a video narrated by Sir Roger Moore showing footage the groups took inside the three U.S. foie gras farms and several in France.〔(Stop Force Feeding – Ban Foie Gras )〕 PETA wants this practice, which they say is cruel,〔(About PETA's Fine Faux Foie Gras Challenge – PETA )〕〔(PETA Media Center – Factsheets – The Pain Behind Foie Gras )〕 stopped. Various American celebrities have lent their voices to this public campaign. Most recently in April 2009 PETA released a letter written by television and stage actor Bea Arthur to TV chef Curtis Stone deploring the practice of foie gras.〔(Bea Arthur writes to Curtis Stone over use of foie gras ) April 27, 2009 ''The Daily Telegraph''〕 In 2014 Compassion in World Farming partners with other organizations such as the German ''Albert-Schweitzer Foundation''〔Albert-Schweitzer Foundation,(Gänsestopfleber )〕 and the French organization ''L214''〔L214, (Gavage des canards : la Commission européenne ferme les yeux )〕 to pressure the EU Commission and EU Agriculture Council to take action against the production of foie gras.〔Compassion in World Farming, (Foi gras )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Foie gras controversy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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